Appendicitis is an inflammation of a scolecoid shoot of a blind gut – an appendix. An inflammation caused by pus-producing microbes which get into appendix with a blood or a lymph. As the reason of disease not digested rests of food corking a gleam of a scolecoid shoot can serve also. Depending on a stage of illness appendicitis subdivide on catarrhal, phlegmonous and phagedenic.
Symptoms of illness
As signal of the beginning of disease is the pain. In the beginning the pain has no precise site – it seems to the patient, that all stomach hurts. But passes 5-6 hours, and the pain concentrates in right ileac areas. We would like to pay your attention to following nuance: an appendix at all features of a structure of a body are located differently, those, and the place of localization of a pain depends on its position. If position of a shoot normal – hurts in right ileac areas if the shoot is located highly, hurts on the right almost under edges if the appendix is unbent back, the patient feels a pain in the field of a waist and if the shoot is lowered downwards, hurts in the field of a basin and above the pubis.
Development of illness
Doctor will define the form appendicitis – idle time of an appendicitis is characterized inflamed by a scolecoid shoot. The body temperature is raised a little, usually no more 37,5С.
If the pain not so strong, and vomiting is not present a nausea (such happens quite often) the patient does not hurry up to address to the doctor. And then idle time of an appendicitis passes in the phlegmonous form. The scolecoid shoot itself is filled with pus, on its surface there are ulcers. Because of ulcers the inflammation starts to extend on the fabrics surrounding a shoot. At this stage of the patient disturb the pains amplifying at a pressure of muscles of a stomach, at thin people the inflamed shoot can even be probed, it will remind the dense platen.
In the worst cases phlegmonous appendicitis passes into the phagedenic form. In this stage the shoot filled by pus distributes an inflammation to all belly cavity. However, patients notice, that pains disturbed them have passed are speaks that nervous cells inflamed a scolecoid shoot were lost. On a place hurt deterioration of the general condition comes. In fact now in inflammatory process all belly cavity is involved. The intoxication of an organism promptly accrues, the patient feels strange euphoria, pulse keeps at a level of 100 impacts in a minute (in norm 65-70), the leather pale to move difficultly, a stomach is inflated.
If to the patient it is not helped, the inflamed appendix breaks – this instant is very painful for the patient, pus spreads on a belly cavity and the life of the patient appears under threat of because of the general infection of blood.
Diagnostics of appendicitis
Appendicitis is complex enough to define – symptoms vary depending on an arrangement of a shoot, and the doctor is deprived an opportunity "to glance" to the patient in a stomach. Traditionally appendicitis diagnose, being based on the given analyses of blood and urine – in blood the quantity white blood bodies increases, and in urine there is a fiber. But diagnostics of appendicitis is not limited to it.
Other type of diagnostics – a computer tomography. Computer tomography also gives the image of the enlarged shoot, the changed fabrics of intestines and abdominal membrane are visible also.
To see the inflamed appendix personally the laparoscopy allows. In a belly wall the small cut into which the fibre-optical tube with a videocamera on the end is entered is done. It is the most authentic method of diagnostics.
Treatment of appendicitis
If the patient acts in a hospital, suffering from a pain, at once nobody will drag it on an operational table. It is connected by that under symptoms of appendicitis illnesses can mask many other things, for example, inflammatory processes in kidneys, at women – inflammations of genitals. Therefore doctors will observe some time behind development of illness, will collect analyses and only then will draw a conclusion on necessity of operative intervention. If it is diagnosed « sharp appendicitis », treatment will be operative. Operation on removal of an appendix is spent by two ways: traditionally and endoscopic.
At traditional operation above the inflamed shoot the cut in length 8-10 see the Surgeon is done cuts a muscle, examines a shoot, and if fabrics surrounding it are not inflamed, an appendix delete, and an aperture in a gut in a place of an attachment of an appendix, sew up.
At endoscopic operations in a stomach of the patient enter a thin tube with the chamber. The doctor sees the image on the monitor. Tools enter through special apertures and delete a shoot under the constant visual control. At endoscopic operations cuts very small, the postoperative period passes much easier and more quickly. The modern surgery is so good, that the patient with not complicated appendicitis write out next day after operation. If the shoot nevertheless was broke off and has begun a peritonitis, it is necessary to lead in a hospital about a week. These days the patient will intravenously receive antibiotics which will help an organism to struggle with development of an infection. When the patient only has acted in a hospital with suspicion on appendicitis, the doctor at once will appoint to it antibiotics (cefazolin, erythromycin and others) is is necessary for the prevention of development of an infection after operation.
Chronic appendicitis
It happens, that the organism of the person possesses so powerful immunity that is capable to suppress the begun inflammation of an appendix by own strength. However, at easing immunity or at strengthening loading on muscles of a stomach the inflammation again « lifts a head ». It is so-called chronic appendicitis – the person periodically has pains in right ileac areas. Chronic appendicitis delivers to the patient weight of inconveniences: each attack of appendicitis threatens with development of a peritonitis, and at each attack it is necessary to address to the doctor. Chronic appendicitis does not demand removal of a shoot, however, if attacks repeat often, the shoot is better for removing.
Monday, March 9, 2009
Symptoms and treatment of appendicitis
Etiology of a cancer of a lung
The cancer of a lung, as well as in general cancer of any localization, does not arise on healthy ground. It is preceded with the long pathological processes caused that or other etiological factor. Last, influencing systemic and topical of a mucous membrane, causes chronic inflammatory process which under influence of a proceeding long irritation can lead to cancer transformation. For an explanation of accruing frequency of a cancer of a lung many theories were offered.
From the conditions favorable development of a cancer of a lung, it is impossible to exclude an exhaustion and the overstrain of the central nervous system breaking its adjusting influence. On this background cancerogenic substances render more powerful influence on a mucous membrane of respiratory ways and chronic proliferative processes turn in cancer more quickly.
As a etiological factor in development of a cancer of the lung, influencing increase in its frequency, especially among men, smoking is important. Experimental, clinical and statistical works of last years have convincingly proved a role of a tobacco smoke in development of a cancer of a lung. Alongside with local cancerogenic influence of tobacco tar on a mucous membrane of respiratory ways the general influence of this poison on an organism which reduces its resistibility in relation to various harmful agents here matters. The long and persistent irritation of a mucous membrane tobacco tar often leads to cancer transformation of cells of a mucous membrane of bronchial tubes.
For last years attention of researchers all involves a question on influence of smoking of tobacco on development of a cancer of a lung more. A plenty of experimental, clinical and statistical works is devoted to this question.
A lot of clinical and statistical works also confirm value of smoking of tobacco as important etiological factor in development of a cancer of a lung, thus the great value has smoking cigarettes. It proves that at smoking cigars smoking inhales a tobacco smoke less, and lets out it from a mouth while at smoking a cigarette smoking inhale all smoke more and thus influence a tobacco smoke all respiratory device and first of all mucous membranes of a bronchial tree. This position is supported with statistical data who show, that the cancer of a lung meets at smoking cigarettes, than at smoking cigars while the cancer of an oral cavity meets at smoking cigars is more often is much more often.
Summing up to judgments concerning etiology of a cancer of a lung, it is necessary to tell, that is available three basic factors, leading its occurrence, that set and interaction of these three major etiological factors can, as it seems to us, to explain accruing frequency of a cancer of a lung. All from this three etiological factors solving, apparently, is a tobacco smoke.
Role of tobacco in occurrence of a cancer, parodontium diseases and defeats of an oral cavity
Tobacco is considered by the most important factor at the etiology of a cancer of cells of lungs. In addition plays the important role at the etiology of a cancer of a bladder and a scaly cancer of cells of an oral cavity, various located on a mucous membrane. Other pathological processes connected with the use of tobacco include: intimate and arterial illnesses, especially peripheral atherosclerotic vascular illness, a gastric and guttural cancer, a chronic obstructive bronchitis, low weight of a birth, a delay of intra-uterine development and periodontal diseases. The annual gain of smokers among adult men now makes 28 % and adult 22.5 % of women.
Thirty percent from all fatal cases of a cancer and more than 80 % of fatal cases of a cancer of a lung it is caused by tobacco. The parameter of death rate from a cancer of a lung for people was 4.9 on 100,000, in 1930 and it has increased up to 75.6 on 100,000 in 1990. Ninety two percent of a scaly cellular cancer at men and 61 % women which use tobacco.
The centers of the Control and Prevention of Illness in 1999 have informed, that among students of the man of high school tobacco was used: 20 % of white men, 6 % of the Spanish men and 4 % of Afroamerican men. The same report declares, that 48 million adults in America smokes, and half from them will die of illnesses connected with the use of tobacco if they will continue to smoke. Hoffmann and Djordjevic in 1997 has informed, that the habit to chewing tobacco has decreased on 30.6 %, but has increased almost for 52 % addiction to inhalation of tobacco through a nose. Chewing of tobacco represents risk for development of a cancer of an oral cavity. Chewing and smell of tobacco is considered as one of etiological factors of development of a cancer of a cheek, a gum, and throat.
Now annual death rate from tobacco makes 430,000 person. Emission of a tobacco smoke in an environment - the known fact, was informed, that at 87.9 % of children and adults not-users tobacco detected serologic levels of metabolite of nicotine "cotinine" as a result of emission of a tobacco smoke. The risk of occurrence of a cancer of a lung for women who do not smoke but who are in smoking environment, has been estimated as 1 up to 2 % from smokers.
The moderate and heavy forms of a periodontitis - are observed at 25.7 % of smokers of cigarettes, 20.2 % of former smokers of cigarettes and 13.1 % non-smoking. Distinction in prevalence periodontal diseases for these three groups statistically considerably. Prevalence of the moderate and heavy periodontitis at present or former smokers of a cigar / tubes is estimated in 17.6 %.
Saturday, March 7, 2009
About mammography
Mammogaphy is a x-ray research of a mammary gland. Occurs from a word «mammo» — a mammary gland and «graphy» — record.
What for mammography is needed?
Mammography is one of the basic diagnostic procedures in diagnostics of diseases of a mammary gland, first of all, a cancer of a mammary gland, fibrocystic illnesses and fibroadenomas.
The mammography can be used as at presence of complaints or presence of the suspicious symptoms defined by the doctor, and as a screening method. Screening is a method of early revealing of the malignant tumours, based on regular inspection of women. Screening is a mass method, in an ideal all women after the certain age should be exposed by mammography. Only thus it is possible to reveal in most cases tumours at an early stage. It in turn affects both volume of treatment and on life expectancy.
How the mammography helds?
A mammographer has small supports on which it is necessary to have a mammary gland. From above the mammary gland is pressed down by a special plate then the picture of a mammary gland is carried out. The picture is carried out, as a rule, in two projections precisely to define the location of pathological formation.
Mammography is a not painful research. At presence of pains in mammary glands at mammography there can be unpleasant sensations connected with a compression of mammary glands.
What quality of the mammography depends on?
Quality of a picture depends, first of all, on the equipment — a mammographer etc., and also from quality of a film. Quality of the conclusion depends on qualification of the expert.
Whether it is possible to pass the mammography "just in case"?
It is possible and is necessary. Carrying out mammography allows to reveal tumours of a mammary gland early. It refers to as screening. The mammography is recommended usually after 40 years, after 45–50 years annual mammography procedure is recommended.
Friday, March 6, 2009
History of gynecology
The first mentions of the decision of the questions connected with gynecology in its modern understanding, meet already in the most ancient Indian, Greek, Egyptian, slavic monuments of writing. So, Hippocrates has in detail described a clinical picture and diagnostics of inflammatory processes of female internal bodies, tumours of a uterus. In its works we see an idea that it is necessary to treat not only the ill body, but also all organism as a whole.
Works of the European anatomists of 16-17 centuries (T.Bartolina, R.Graafa, etc.) contain the description of a physiological structure of women. A next century the gynecology was issued as an independent science.
To the middle of 19 centuries the first gynecologic clinics and the first medical educational institutions of Russia and other countries start to open. Already by the end of 19 centuries powerful methods of treatment and diagnostics of gynecologic diseases have been developed. After aseptics introduction the quantity of lethal outcomes significantly has decreased, however operative methods of treatment were used significantly more often. In 1903 V.F. Snegiryov, the founder of this area of medicine in Russia, has opposed only surgical treatment of the given diseases. It has stated the first idea that current of local disease in many respects depends on a condition of all organism. This point of view remains conventional at doctors of all specialities.
In connection with opening in the end of 19 centuries of virology concepts of scientists about diseases ethiology have extended. In 1879 the activator of a gonorrhoea has been opened, opening are in the beginning of 20 century made how glands of internal secretion "work" and which sexual hormones they produce.
In 20 century there was a big break in the field of gynecology: for the first time began to be used colposcopy and cytologic researches; the method of radical operation is developed and applied at a cancer of a uterus, schemes of treatment of climacteric frustration are developed, beam therapy is applied, etc. On development of gynecology as a whole the big influence was rendered with achievements in other areas of medicine: endocrinology, pharmacology, surgery, anesthesiology, etc.
About the Scoliosis: the reasons of occurrence, treatment, early diagnostics
Scoliosis - complex deformation of a backbone at which there is its lateral curvature in planes of a back and braiding rotation of a backbone about the axis.
The reasons of occurrence of a scoliosis up to the end are not studied, among the cores - the general weakness and backwardness of the muscular device, which during the most intensive growth (6-8 and 10-12 years) in a combination to provoking influences (incorrectly settled habits, a malposture, insignificant natural heterostoma of legs, basin...) leads to occurrence and progress of a curvature of a backbone.
At significant deformations there is a costal hump, the basin warps, development of internal bodies is at a loss.
Treatment of a scoliosis has difficultly predicted result which efficiency in many respects depends on the patient.
At conservative treatment actions directed on unloading of a backbone and correction of a curvature (a sparing mode of day, orthopedic stacking), development of muscles of a back and a trunk (special resolve physiotherapy exercises), bracing and toning up procedures (electrostimulation backs muscles, physiotherapy, massage), as a rule, are spent.
Operative treatment is appointed at a significant and quickly progressing scoliosis and consists in installation of a various sort mechanical devices, correcting curvature of a backbone.
As a rule, completely to correct a curvature at children's age probably only at scoliosis of 1-2 degrees, when there is no expressed irreversible variations in a backbone. At scoliosis of 3-4 degrees it is possible to achieve only a stop of progressing of illness.
In process of achievement of the termination of growth of an organism (16-18 years) progress of a scoliosis stops. It is considered, that after 20 years to straighten a backbone it is impossible. The further treatment carries bracing and supporting character (physiotherapy exercises, a proper mode of day, physiotherapy and massage).
Despite of the favorable general forecast (development actually a scoliosis after 20 years, as a rule, stops), the remote prospects at significant scoliosis of 3-4 degrees threaten with development of osteochondrosis, infringement of functions of breath and other internal bodies.
As to define presence of a scoliosis.
Ask the child to rise to you a back and to relax (let it will accept habitual for it a pose of a bearing). First of all you should pay attention to following basic attributes of a scoliosis:
- One shoulder hardly above another
- One of shield bone has gone forward (sticks out a corner of shield bone)
- Various distance from the hand pressed to a side up to a waist
- At a slope curvature of a backbone forward is appreciable
If have found out even one of these attributes - next day take the child for a hand and go with it to the regional orthopedist or to the surgeon.
Thursday, March 5, 2009
Carcinoma
Cancer - carcinoma - the malignant tumour arising from cells epithelial tissue of a leather, mucous membranes and parenchymal bodies.
Sometimes the term "cancer" use for a designation of all malignant new growths.
In most cases in the fabrics adjoining an environment and covered multilayered flat epithelial tissue arises planocellular a cancer.
From gland's epithelial tissue the ferruterous cancer - adenocarcinoma proceeds.
In terms of a differentiation it is accepted to allocate high-, middle-, low- and not differentiated versions of a cancer.
Depending on a parity parenchymatous tissue (tumoral cells) and stromas, consisting of a connecting fabric and vessels, distinguish a simple cancer (when parenchymatous tissue and stroma are in an equal parity), a medullar cancer (described more developed by parenchymatous tissue) and a fibrous cancer with the expressed prevalence of stroma.
It is possible to carry to most often meeting and constant attributes causeless loss of flesh, decrease in appetite or its change concerning any foodstuff, constant or passing pains in a breast or a stomach, unmotivated weakness, infringements of a chair, persistent cough, changes of a timbre of a voice, the inexplicable rises in temperature, unpleasant sensations at swallowing, or passages of food on a gullet, an anemia, an itch, occurrences of blood in кале and urine, condensation in a mammary gland and defluvium from a dummy, defluvium from genital tracts, including blood, especially on a background of a pausimenia.
The great value has revealing a cancer at early stages of its development as many kinds of a cancer at early revealing can be completely cured.
